Adolescence Defined By Biology or Society Essay - 703 Words

Adolescence begins in biology and ends in society. The definitions we accept to describe the onset of adolescence revolve around puberty, biological changes of the body. Therefore I consider adolescence to begin in biology. Adolescence ends in society. Entrance into adulthood marks the end of adolescence. The definitions of who is considered an adult are defined by society and therefore I contest that adolescence ends in society. The onset of adolescence is marked by a sudden increase in the production of many hormones in the body. The hypothalamus, the part of the brain that controls the pituitary, sends signals the increase hormone production. Growth hormone produced in the anterior pituitary is increased in production,†¦show more content†¦Some research has shown the factors that control the onset, to be genetic. They argue that timing of the onset is by inherited factors within the chromosomes of the individual. The anatomy of chromosomes is well known, however the physiology is limited to describing how genes on the chromosomes code for the proteins that are the makeup of hormones. It is not understood what causes a certain gene to be expressed. Until these factors can be shown the theory of genetic control over the onset of puberty cannot be proven as fact. Some patterns have been shown within a group of individuals that are exposed to similar environmental conditions such as nutrition and health, and enter puberty at differing times, that points to a correlation between social interaction and the timing of onset. For example family environment. A stress created by family or other factors can slow the onset of maturation. However, this correlation can be explained by experiments that have proven that stress can affect the secretion levels of hormones. This further proves that the factors controlling the onset of puberty are biological. Another argument to biological control over the onset of maturation is history. Throughout hi story the timing of puberty has remained similar given similar environmental conditions. Adolescence ends when adulthood begins. All societies define what is considered an adult. Some define it different than others but the characteristics areShow MoreRelatedHuman Behavior And Inner Emotion1329 Words   |  6 Pageshumans, as well as the function of their immune system and brain chemistry. This is closely related to neuroscience and biology as a fundamental role in determining our behavior and how it corresponds with inherited genetics. The Biological Perspective, also referred to as biopsychology or psychobiology, is the only approach that studies emotions from the perspective of biology (McLeod, 2015); it is belief that all outward and inward behavior have a biological reason behind it. 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They pick up directions from their social environment. They acquire and assemble meanings, skills and values from the people around them. Their critical choices are often made by going along and drifting. People learn when they are quite young and few of the things they are expected to be, and continue slowly to accumulate a belief in who they are andRead MoreEssay on Myth of the Teen Brain: An Article Review1219 Words   |  5 Pages1904 with G. Stanley Hall’s observation of adolescents who were left on the streets due to mass migration and immigration during the industrial revolution. Hall attributed the turmoil he observed to recapitul ation, a biological theory in which adolescence mirrors the savage, pigmoid stage of evolutionary development (Epstein 2007). Further, brain imaging studies noted differences in scans of adolescents and adults while performing tasks. It was theorized that the differences in teens’ brainsRead MoreLifespan Studies: Cognitive, Language, Social and Emotional, Physical and Holistic Development, and Discuss How Te Whariki Supports and Promotes the Development of Each Domain in the Early Childhood Sector.1113 Words   |  5 Pagesearly childhood sector. The definition of Cognitive Development as stated by the Encyclopaedia of Childrens Health, is the construction of thought processes, including remembering, problem-solving and decision-making from childhood through adolescence to adulthood. According to Vygotsky, infants are endowed with basic perceptual, attention and memory capacities that they share with animals. These develop during the first two years through direct contact with the environment. Then rapid growthRead MoreGender Roles And Gender Development1598 Words   |  7 Pagesinterchangeably. Sex is a biological term and defined as â€Å"the categories of male or female of the sum total of biological attributes on which this distinction is based within a species† (Colman, 2009). Gender, however is a social construct and consists of gender role, gender identity and sexual orientation / preference. Gender identity is â€Å"a sense of awareness, usually beginning in infancy, continuing through childhood, and reachin g maturing in adolescence, of being male or female, or of the genderRead MoreDefinition Of A Normal Adult905 Words   |  4 Pagesof the reason is the definition evolves as time passed by. The criterion of a â€Å"normal adult† differs from cohorts to cohorts. The readings and my life experiences have pointed out, becoming financially independent and self-sufficient is generally defined for being an adult, which I agree with. On the other hand, it is undeniable that there are parents and unmarried adult who do not financially independent and self-sufficient; some of them may even do not have a stable career. I have heard a real storyRead MoreEating Disorders : Bulimia Nervosa1383 Words   |  6 PagesBulimia Nervosa â€Å"Up to 30 million people of all ages and genders suffer from an eating disorder† (Wade, Keski- Rahkonen, Hudson, 1995). There are many factors which contribute to the development of eating disorders including â€Å"biology, emotional health, and societal expectation, and other issues† (â€Å"Diseases and Conditions Bulimia nervosa†). One of the most prominent eating disorders in America and around the globe has been around since the Middle Ages: â€Å"Bulimia is first reliably described among

Linear and staff management Free Essays

Managers have different titles in various organizations. No matter what the label is, there is a difference in authority between line and staff management. There are two basic kinds of management positions: line and staff. We will write a custom essay sample on Linear and staff management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Linear Management Staff Management 1 . The most common of all formal relationships in organizations today is the supervisor-subordinate one. This line or operational supervisor, whatever his title, has the power and authority to direct the actions of the subordinate who is accountable for carrying out certain duties. . The supervisor might use any one or combination of many management styles in working with his staff, but he will see that there are results. It’s those results that produce revenue, whether it’s profit from a business or non-profit grants from the government. 1. The staff manager or supervisor is in a position that supports line management. He is usually a specialist of some kind. Examples are the manager of the IT department, and the director of HR. 2. Managers in these positions do not have the authority to tell the line staff how to do the work for which the organization exist. Instead, the taff manager or supervisor is responsible for making sure all the supports are in place so the line staff are hired, trained, equipped and supported while they carry out the actual operations. 3. Staff management authority is very different from line management authority. While the line manager makes sure that there is revenue, the staff manager often has to spend that money to support further operations. This can lead to tensions in the workplace, especially when there is no clear understanding of the difference in the authority of the positions. Relationship Between Line and Staff Management ere are four ways of looking at the relationship a staff manager has with a line manager. Prescribe. To do this, a staff manager can prescribe certain procedures in his specialist area. For example, he can develop and implement recruiting policies and procedures that are used across the organization. The line manager is expected to follow those organizational procedures unless he has a solid rationale for within his specialization. For example, a line manager might propose that two of his staff attend certain management courses. The staff manager of the training section can concur with or veto this proposal as it is within his specialty. Be heard. A staff manager has the right, the authority, to participate in the discussions, if not the decision-making, pertaining to his specialty. For example, the manage in HR maybe not have a veto vote on a new recruit, but he does have the right to voice his opinion on the suitability of the candidate. Be informed. This function authorizes the staff manager to be informed within certain areas of activity. A common example of this is the position of director of finance. An operations, line manager has full authority to spend funds as he pleases within his budget, but he is required to keep the director of finance informed. How to cite Linear and staff management, Papers

Free Assisted Suicides Dr. Kevorkian and th Essay Example For Students

Free Assisted Suicides: Dr. Kevorkian and th Essay e Benefits of Euthanasia euthanasia argumentative persuasive essaysDr. Kevorkian and the Benefits of Euthanasia Four Works Cited Everybody at one time or another will inevitably have death knocking at the door. And no it will not be Brad Pitt. Coping with death is a very difficult concept to deal with. Dying comes in one of three ways: homicide, suicide and natural causes. There is no debate with regards to homicide, a person takes the life of another person. Suicide is the taking of ones own life, similarly a paper cannot be written for or against it. Last but not least is death by natural causes. I would not want to write a paper on why a one hundred-fifty year old person passes away; could it have been that the person was really really old? Euthanasia consequently does not fall into one of the three causes of death, we consider it between homicide and suicide. Here is where the fireworks really start showing colors. True we could debate various subjects such as gun control, legalization of marijuana, three strikes and so on and so forth. On the other hand euthanasia deals with death totally, once its done there is no reversal of previous court cases. It is permanent and oops is not mentioned in a sarcastic way. Lets mention a known name in the euthanasia field, Dr. Jack Kevorkian. If this name sounds unfamiliar, then you have been one of the lucky few people to have been living in a cave for the last nine years. Dr. Kevorkian is considered to some as a patriarch, here to serve mankind. Yet others consider him to be an evil villain, a devils advocate so to speak. Physician assisted suicide has not mentioned in the news recently. But just as you are reading this paper and Im typing, its happening. This hyperlink will take you to a web page that depicts in depth how many people Dr. Kevorkian has assisted in taking their lives. Euthanasia comes from the Greek root-eu, meaning good, and thanatos meaning death. Together they signify good death. For example, you have a terminal illness and doctors informed you that your life span would not exceed four weeks starting from today, and during this waiting period, you will suffer excruciating pain and unbearable agony. What would you do? You decide to take action. What should it be? An injection, a pill, or jumping off a building? Applying the concept of euthanasia, it means you will either choose an injection or a pill. Jumping off the building is out of the question because it does not bring a good death. Derek Humphry, founder of Hemlock society, and now, president of the Euthanasia Research and Guidance Organization, quoted: A caring society.. .offers euthanasia to hopeless sick person as an act of love. In his book Dying with Dignity, Derek opposed suicide for the mental health or unhappy reasons. For instance, Derek would not allow a person in deep depression to seek escape, using euthanasia. However, he is not against euthanasia for those who suffer from terminal illness or severe handicap (Humphry 17). Dr. Kevorkian is notoriously known for his mission to promote physician-assisted suicide. In his book Prescription: Medicine, the Goodness of Planned Death, he explains that it is ethical for the physician to assist patients to commit suicide because the patients are the ones who pull the trigger, not the physicians. Therefore, the patient is responsible for the consequences that follow (Kevorkian 48). For example, Dr. Kevorkian invented a device called Mercitron. It injects solution to assist terminally ill people in suicide. However, the terminal ill person must pull the plug by himself or herself. Here is the process: The device is placed next to the patients bed. Dr. Kevorkian will raise the patients arm vertically and insert the needle. Sociological perspective from the blues brothers Essay All she could think about was her family and how it was her fault that they died. She thought that there is no reason to go on with her life so instead of dealing with her pain, she committed suicide. She was then sent to a dark, dreary, murky place to suffer for her selfish action.. .hell. Now would you want to suffer eternally in hell or suffer just a few measly years on earth? Years on earth are nothing compared to eternity. Another important issue that needs to be considered is the financial aspect of assisted suicide. Dr. Kevorkian claims that organized medicine and pharmaceutical industries are against euthanasia because of the money involved. Lets look at Alzheimers disease for example. Alzheimers is a terminal disease because it reduces your life span and eventually you will become a vegetable. There are four million Alzheimers cases every year in the U.S. Now lets say that one out of ten of these people decides to terminate their life before the illness progress further. This means that 400,000 people will not be living in the nursing homes. Now lets just say that the nursing homes costs about $30,000.00 per year; use this number and multiply it by the number of people who commit suicide. The outcome will be millions of dollars that organized medicine is not willing to lose, not to mention the millions of dollars that the people would have spent on medication alone. This is a lot of money. These organizations will lose all this money just for one disease (Kevorkian,3). Dying is a part of living. Some people are lucky enough to live long fruitful lives. Others are not so lucky, death came knocking and they unknowingly opened the door. The truth of this matter is that death and dying can happen at any point in ones life. A baby being aborted before birth, a child killed at one year old, a child killed at two years old, all the way up to the world record 122 years old. This woman in France just recently died at the age of 122 could be considered cool in avoiding the grim reaper for so long. But can a five year old playing in the streets who is killed by a drunk driver be considered unlucky. Death is natural. If I am terminally ill, does any one have the right to make me continue to suffer? Dr. Kevorkian is not a criminal and should not be treated so. If he were to be incarcerated and if a law did pass stating physician assisted suicide is illegal, will euthanasia stop? I dont think so! People die daily. If we develop medicines to prolong life, then why are we so against taking life? Like any controversial argument there are two sides, one for it and one against it. We are simple people who roam this Earth. While wandering about aimlessly we need to follow guidelines set by others. These guidelines or laws are here for our own protection. Physician assisted suicide is not against the law. There are no statues or laws that prohibit it. So in my case, I will continue to wear underwear on my head. When a law is passed prohibiting wearing ones own underwear in place of caps, then and only then will I cease to do it. The same could be said for what Dr. Kevorkian is doing, it is not illegal. So lets all give a round of applause for the line of work he is in. Works Cited Landers, Alison; Siegel, Mark A. ; Foster, Carol D., eds. Death and Dying-Who Decides? Texas: Information Plus, 1994. McCuen, Gary E. Doctor Assissted Suicide and the Euthanasia Movement. Wisconsin: Gary E. E McCuen Publications, 1994. Trubo, Richard. An Act of Mercy: Euthanasia Today. Los Angeles: Nash Publishing, 1973. Wennberg, Robert N. Terminal Choices. Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1989.

The Handmaids Tale vs. The Country Between Us

Introduction The destructive aspects of totalitarian regimes attracted the attention of many writers during the Cold War era. One of the main issues that they explored was the state oppression of an individual who could eventually become alienated and dehumanized. Such themes as loneliness, control, and confinement occupy a prominent place in the novels and short stories of many authors.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Handmaid’s Tale vs. The Country Between Us specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay will discuss two works that eloquently illustrate the dangers of totalitarianism, namely, the novel The Handmaid’s Tale written by Margaret Atwood (1998) and the book of poetry The Country Between Us by Carolyn Forchà © (1982). There are several similarities between these two works. First of all, Margaret Atwood and Carolyn Forchà © show that the totalitarian states want to suppress peopleâ₠¬â„¢s voices in order to make them isolated, confined and easily controlled. Furthermore, these writers show how the value of love, friendship and human life in general can decline because of people’s solitude and alienation. However, there is a significant difference between these literary works. The Handmaid’s Tale is a construction of a dystopian society that might have never existed; to some degree it is a warning to the readers who should be aware of such dangers as sexism, religious intolerance, and religious intolerance. In her turn Carolyn Forchà © focuses on the real experiences of people in El Salvador whose suffering went unnoticed for a very long time. More importantly, these descriptions can be more chilling than the imaginary world created by any writer who depicts a dystopian society. These are the main issues that should be discussed in this paper. Similarities between The Country Between Us and The Handmaid’s Tale It is possible to distinguish several themes that play an important role in these books. One of them is the acceptance of cruelty, violence, and injustice. They are no longer regarded as something outrageous or at least unacceptable. Margaret Atwood and Carolyn Forchà © show that people, who live in totalitarian regimes, become accustomed to the cruel behavior of the state and its injustice. This issue is eloquently illustrated by Margaret Atwood (1998). In particular, the author describes a scene when Ofglen and Offred see the bodies of people who have been hung because of their alleged treason. However, one of the characters says, â€Å"This may not seem ordinary to you now, but after a time it will.Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It will become ordinary† (Atwood, 1998, p. 33). Such a sentence can be uttered only by a person who often witnesses such horrible events. He/she eventually gets u sed to this cruelty of the government. Similar atrocities have been described by Carolyn Forchà © who explores the experiences of people living in El Salvador. In this case, close attention should be paid to the poem called The Colonel. In this part of her book, the author refers to the man who carries a sack filled with â€Å"many human ears† and he does not even try to hide them (Forchà ©, 1982, p. 17). The author describes this horrible behavior in a very nonchalant way in order to emphasize that totalitarian regimes can turn cruelty into a norm or something can be tolerated. On the whole, this behavior occurs in those situations when people feel no attachment to one another and human life loses its value for them. In many cases, they are hardly concerned with the suffering of other individuals. This is one of the issues that should not be disregarded because it occupies an important place in Atwood’s novel and Forchà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s collection of poetry. Another idea that both authors examine is solitude of individuals and their alienation from one another. In particular, they show that in many cases, authoritarian states deprive a person of opportunity to communicate with people who are dear to him/her. Such a strategy enables the government to make people confined and controlled. To a great extent, this issue is addressed by the authors. For example, one can mention the poem The Visitor by Carolyn Forchà © (1982). In particular, the author describes the experiences of a prisoner who hopes that his wife’s breath will be â€Å"slipping into his cell each night while he imagines his hand to be hers† because he can retain his dignity and humanity only in this way (Forchà ©, 1982, p. 15). When a person is deprived of this opportunity, he/she is more likely to follow the will of the state. The theme of solitude is also examined in Margaret Atwood’s novel. For instance, one of the characters says, ‘I was so lonely, sheâ €™d say. You have no idea how lonely I was, And I had friends, I was a lucky one, but I was lonely anyway’ (Atwood, p. 122).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Handmaid’s Tale vs. The Country Between Us specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In part, this idea can be explained by the fact that this individual cannot talk to anyone who can share her views and feelings. As a result, this person will pay no attention to the sufferings of other people. So, themes as loneliness and alienation are important for Margaret Atwood and Carolyn Forchà © because they strongly influence people’s attitudes and beliefs. Apart from that, one should mention that these literary works highlight the hypocrisy of authoritarian states that claim to be virtuous and just. In most cases, the representatives of these regimes do not acknowledge that they only want to achieve power and ability to control people’s behavior. Moreover, they do not tell that they want to enslave the people of their countries. These are the most important elements of their official propaganda. This is one of the questions that both writers pay attention to. For example, Margaret Atwood (1998) shows that the government of Gilead claims to respect the role of women in the society and their importance for the survival of the community. However, women are usually reduced to the status of concubines whose only role is the reproduction of the population. Thus, the distinction between official propaganda and reality is very striking. To some extent, Carolyn Forchà © (1982) attaches importance to this problem in her poetic collection. In particular, the author shows that Salvadorian regime does not want to acknowledge that thousands of people could be imprisoned or even slaughtered by the state, even if they are completely innocent (Forchà ©, 1982). They can pretend there is no discontent with their policies or laws. This hypocrisy can be typical of many states, especially if they are authoritarian ones. This is one of the main problems that both writers want to emphasize in their books. These are the main similarities between the works of Margaret Atwood and Carolyn Forchà ©. On the whole, they demonstrate the destructive impacts of totalitarianism on a person. They can make people solitary and confined, because in this way, individuals can easily be controlled or manipulated. Under such circumstances, they are not likely to take any initiatives or independent decisions. This is the most important idea the authors explore in their books. To a great extent, these literary works throw light on the experiences of people who fall victims of authoritarian governments. As a rule, these people are not attached to one another and they do not value interpersonal relations or even human life, and this is their greatest strategy.Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Overall, these books are still worth attention because the dangers described by Atwood and Forchà © have not completely disappeared today. This problems depicted by these writers can be relevant to different communities even nowadays. The differences between the literary works Nevertheless, one should remember that The Handmaid’s Tale and The Country Between Us have several important distinctions. The readers should pay close attention to the genre of these literary works and the goals that authors try to achieve. First of all, one should mention that Margaret Atwood’s novel can be viewed as a classical dystopian novel. It is aimed at describing a future society that is marked by racism, sexism, and religious prejudice (Atwood, 1998). These prejudices can still influence the ideas and decisions of many people. To a great extent, this literary work was greatly influenced by George Orwell’s 1984 because this author also shows how the state can control the private life of citizens and even their sexuality. So, the author of this book relies on previous literary works about totalitarian states. In contrast, Carolyn Forchà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s collection of poetry is based on real events that did take place in El Salvador. In this case, the narrator can be regarded as a direct witness of the events that affected thousands of people who were victims of the regime. To a great extent, this author combines poetry and journalisms, and this is one of her greatest achievements since she combines rich poetic imagery with realism. Therefore, one can say these books differ in terms of genre, style and background. Secondly, one should bear in mind that the authors differ significantly when they describe the motives underlying people’s behavior and their attitude toward the state and toward others. In particular, in her novel Margaret Atwood (1998) strives to explain why people can easily become solitary and controlled. In her opinion, people can act in thi s way, because they expect the government to offer some benefits to them (1998, p. 271). This idea is expressed by Offred’s mother who believes that people can consent to the policies of the state, â€Å"as long as there are a few compensations† (Atwood, 1998, p. 271). The author describes some women who can be humiliated by the state, but they do not protest against their policies of the state, because they can have power over other women (Atwood, 1998). In other words, they try to reconcile themselves with the state and expect some rewards or benefits. In contrast, Carolyn Forchà © (1982) demonstrates that in most cases, fear is the main reason why people can become alienated from one another. Those people, who have been depicted by the author, know that their friends and acquaintances can disappear, and they do not want to suffer the same fate. This is the main factor that drives their behavior. For example, the narrator says, â€Å"If we go on, we might stop in t he street, in the very place where someone disappeared’ (Forchà ©, 1982, p. 9). One should take into account that totalitarian regimes can easily abduct people, especially when they disagree that with the decisions of the government. This is why citizens may be reluctant to express discontent because they do not want to share the same fate. To some degree, their conduct is understandable. Therefore, it is possible to say that Carolyn Forchà © and Margaret Atwood look at people’s behavior from different perspectives. There are other distinguishing features of these books. One can argue that Margaret Atwood’s novel can be regarded as a warning to the readers who should remember about the dangers of religious intolerance, sexism, and the belief that some groups of people should be subservient to others. Margaret Atwood (1998) examines the social phenomena that may exist in different communities. However, she describes their impact when they are developed to full extreme. Nevertheless, one cannot say that this novel refers to particular historic events. The author intends to demonstrate people have to limit the power of the state. In her turn, Carolyn Forchà © (1982) strives to show that the horrors of dystopian novels can easily come true and in some cases, they can be more terrible. Her intention is to demonstrate that such events can affect many people provided that no one protests against the cruel policies of the state. She wants readers to hear â€Å"the cries of those who vanish† because these people are not protected in any way (Forchà ©, 1982, p. 9). As it has been said before, the author acts as a journalist who tries to raise readers’ awareness about the atrocities committed against people, living in El Salvador. This is one of the goals that she tries to achieve. Therefore, it is possible to distinguish several similarities and distinctions between these books. First of all, these authors demonstrate that the poli cies of the state can make individuals solitary, alienated, and confined. Moreover, these writers demonstrate the hypocrisy of the regimes that claim to respect the rights and dignity of citizens. Nevertheless, these literary works differ in terms of genre and purpose. Margaret Atwood (1998) relies on the rich tradition of a dystopian novel while Carolyn Forchà © (1982) focuses on the feelings of people who suffered from the actions of a totalitarian state. Nevertheless, these works produce a long-lasting impression on the readers because they give them deep insights into the nature of totalitarianism. Conclusion On the whole, such themes as confinement, loneliness, and control play an important role in the works of many authors, especially those ones who focus on the adverse influence of state on an individual. In many cases, they can deprive people of their humanity and ability to take independent decisions. Such writers as Carolyn Forchà © and Mary Atwood show that individuals can get used to cruelty or injustice because of fear or hope to receive some compensation from the state. Moreover, their alienation and solitude decrease the value of human life. These writers warn readers about the dangers of these regimes. These works are worth attention because they eloquently illustrate the experiences of people who can be victimized by the state. This is one of the messages that these writers convey. Reference List Atwood, M. (1998).The Handmaid’s Tale. New York: Anchor. Forchà ©, C. (1982). The Country Between Us. New York: Harper Perennial. This essay on The Handmaid’s Tale vs. The Country Between Us was written and submitted by user Lilly Cunningham to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Singapore

Republic of Singapore History The Republic of Singapore was under British control from the early 1800’s until Britain made Singapore a separate crown colony in 1946. In 1959 Singapore had it’s own government, but Britain still responsible for it’s defense and foreign affairs. Singapore joined the Federation of Malaysia in 1963, which included Malaya, and the Borneo territories of Sabah, and Sarawak. This relationship between the members of he federation and Singapore soon dissolved due to political and economic differences with the rest of Malaysia. In turn Singapore withdrew from the federation and became a sovereign, democratic and independent nation. Independent Singapore was admitted into the United Nations on September 21, 1965. Singapore became a republic on December 22, 1965, with Yusof Bin Ishak as the republics first president. In 1967 the British government decided to withdraw its armed forces from Singapore by 1971. Singapore set out to build it’s own defense forces. The Singapore Armed Forces Training Institute was established in 1966 and compulsory national service was introduced in 1967. A Singapore Air Defense Command and a Singapore Maritime Command were set up in 1969. In August 1967, Singapore joined Indonesia, Malaysia, the Phili ppines and Thailand to form the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. With The Republics new independence there were new challenges. Singapore had to figure out how not only to survive, but also how to prosper on it’s own. What Singapore planned to do was take advantage of its strategic location and the favorable world economy. The new government set forth a plan for massive industrialization. In 1968 the Economic Development Board was developed. In 1970 the Monetary Authority of Singapore was established to formulate and implement Singapore’s monetary policies. These polices are very favorable to the financial industries such as Fleet’s. The Republic of Singapore is politi... Free Essays on Singapore Free Essays on Singapore Republic of Singapore History The Republic of Singapore was under British control from the early 1800’s until Britain made Singapore a separate crown colony in 1946. In 1959 Singapore had it’s own government, but Britain still responsible for it’s defense and foreign affairs. Singapore joined the Federation of Malaysia in 1963, which included Malaya, and the Borneo territories of Sabah, and Sarawak. This relationship between the members of he federation and Singapore soon dissolved due to political and economic differences with the rest of Malaysia. In turn Singapore withdrew from the federation and became a sovereign, democratic and independent nation. Independent Singapore was admitted into the United Nations on September 21, 1965. Singapore became a republic on December 22, 1965, with Yusof Bin Ishak as the republics first president. In 1967 the British government decided to withdraw its armed forces from Singapore by 1971. Singapore set out to build it’s own defense forces. The Singapore Armed Forces Training Institute was established in 1966 and compulsory national service was introduced in 1967. A Singapore Air Defense Command and a Singapore Maritime Command were set up in 1969. In August 1967, Singapore joined Indonesia, Malaysia, the Phili ppines and Thailand to form the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. With The Republics new independence there were new challenges. Singapore had to figure out how not only to survive, but also how to prosper on it’s own. What Singapore planned to do was take advantage of its strategic location and the favorable world economy. The new government set forth a plan for massive industrialization. In 1968 the Economic Development Board was developed. In 1970 the Monetary Authority of Singapore was established to formulate and implement Singapore’s monetary policies. These polices are very favorable to the financial industries such as Fleet’s. The Republic of Singapore is politi... Free Essays on Singapore As you may well know, Singapore is a social-democratic country. What this worked out to in terms of the economy would be a strong hand from the Government in terms of economic direction, infrastructural support and even participation in commerce and trade, but the spirit of free economy is still dominant. In practice, there had been instances of over-zealous managers exceeding the bounds of their responsibilities and giving rise to complains of government intervention or monopoly of certain sectors in the private sector. Such complaints are being reduced as both sides come to understand their symbiotic relationship and focus on their own activities. Let's look first at the role of the Government and then our role in the private sector THE ROLE OF THE GOVERNMENT Economic and trade policies in Singapore are managed by the Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI). It may be unknown to many in Singapore that MTI do more than just set trade and economic policies. It is an active participant in ensuring the economic competitiveness and business continuity of Singapore. We hope the following statements, taken from the home pages of MTI, would provide a better picture of the role of MTI and, through her various agencies, a better understanding of how MTI is assisting local businessmen get a bite of the world economy. Vision : for Singapore to become an advanced and globally competitive knowledge economy within the next decade, with manufacturing and services as its twin engines of growth. Management : Economic management is undertaken at the macro level to identify problems or opportunities, and to set broad growth directions and strategies....

Word Choice Born vs. Borne - Proofread My Papers Academic Blog

Word Choice Born vs. Borne - Proofread My Papers Academic Blog Word Choice: Born vs. Borne The words â€Å"born† and â€Å"borne† are spelled almost the same but differ in meaning. Getting these terms mixed up can therefore impact upon the clarity and accuracy of your written work. To help you avoid this kind of mistake, we’ve compiled a guide on how these terms should be used. Born (in the USA) When Bruce Springsteen sang that he was â€Å"born in a dead man’s town† he was using the word in its literal sense, meaning â€Å"existing as a result of birth.† This is why we say that someone born in a certain place was place-born (e.g., German-born, Canada-born, etc.): New Jersey-born soccer player Carli Loyd was instrumental in the USWNT’s World Cup victory. In a more figurative sense, we sometimes use â€Å"born† to mean â€Å"arising from/of†: Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein was born of a competition between Shelley and her companions to see who could write the best horror story. Furthermore, if someone has undergone a major change in their life we might say they have been â€Å"born again† (such as a â€Å"born again Christian†). Borne The word â€Å"borne† is the past participle of the verb â€Å"bear.† It therefore means â€Å"to have carried†: On Palm Sunday, Jesus entered Jerusalem borne on the back of a donkey. This is why we use adjectives like â€Å"waterborne† or â€Å"current-borne† when describing something carried by something else (e.g., â€Å"an airborne virus†). Another way in which we use this term is to indicate that someone has taken responsibility for something: The upgrade had been expensive, but the company had borne the brunt of the costs. The term â€Å"borne out,† meanwhile, means to corroborate or confirm something: The scientist’s hypothesis was not borne out by the experiments she conducted. Borne vs. Bore It’s worth noting that the verb â€Å"bear† has another past participle: bore. The difference between â€Å"borne† and â€Å"bore† is that the former is passive and the latter is active. So if we’re using the active voice, in which the subject of the sentence is actively bearing something, we use â€Å"bore†: The palm tree bore coconuts. But when using the passive voice the subject of the sentence is not doing anything, so we use â€Å"borne†: The coconuts were borne by the palm tree. It’s therefore important to remember the distinction between â€Å"bore† and â€Å"borne,† as well as the difference between â€Å"born† and â€Å"borne.†

Report for the head office of Electrocom Ltd(Case Study) Essay

Report for the head office of Electrocom Ltd(Case Study) - Essay Example The notion of learning is applied to the organization as a whole, not as a sum of the parts of individual learning of individual employees. Organizations like these encourage continuous learning and innovation and advocate an integrated knowledge management structure for the organization. Other features of such organizations include being proactive, flexible, innovative and able to tap into potential to gain competitive advantage. (Cors, 2003). Another important introduction is one that focuses on organizational learning. Organizational learning in an organization relies on three factors, the first one being routine, the second being dependency on the company’s history and the third one being the targets that the organization has set for itself. Organizations add to their knowledge bank through practice and over time, that is through practical experience. This experiences interpreted and the lessons learned are applied to future scenarios to ensure that mistakes are not repeat ed and good practices are adopted. Learning can also occur by looking at other organizations, competitors or those who are similar to the organization in question so that generalizations can be studied and applied to own organization. (Levitt and March, 1988). Electrocom needs to focus on knowledge acquisition; this will have two pronged benefits for the organization. First, it will provide them further consumer insight which will help them better understand, connect with and cater to their consumer base. Second, it will help them build a knowledge bank from which they can take assistance in the decisional process and which will enable further learning for the company’s employee base. Knowledge acquisition can be done through surveys, R&D activities, reviews of performance and a thorough analysis of competing firms in the market. Another aspect to be focused on is how this knowledge and information is disseminated throughout the organization. Organizational structure should b e flatter so information can flow quickly from source to destination without any hold ups or barriers to stop the flow. Electrocom also needs to focus on how the information is interpreted, for this will determine how the information impacts the organization, if at all. Lastly, through revision and incorporation of this knowledge over and over again in practice the organization needs to make sure that it remains fresh in the organization’s memory. (Huber, 1991). In the same vein, Schein (1993) writes about how it is important for organizations on the modern business environment which is becoming increasingly globalised and culturally diverse, to engage in dialogue. To effective in this business environment, it is necessary for Electrocom to increase and improve communication to enhance levels of integration within the organization and across borders and cultures. Organizational learning will only take place once there is an established healthy level of communication and integ ration internally and creating dialogue will be the first step in this direction. This approach will also improve cohesiveness of work groups, thereby improving their performance. Once a healthy level of communication has developed internally within the organization, subcultures will develop, often providing a motivational source for better performance at work because they promote

An investigation to find out the effect of respiration in yeast when Essay

An investigation to find out the effect of respiration in yeast when sugar is added to a flour-and-water dough - Essay Example Main experiment: - With the help of a plastic spoon or spatula some yeast is to be placed in a weigh boat on the balance and 10 grams of yeast is to be measured out. Next, using a separate weigh boat, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 grams of sugar are to be measured out. 50 gms of dough is to be kneaded by using same proportions of water and flour in separate weigh boats. Subsequently, a mixture of 10 grams of yeast and equal amounts of dough, thoroughly mixed, are to be placed in 7 balloons. The contents of these balloons are to thoroughly mixed once again. Then a piece of string is to be used in order to tie the balloon just above the mixture in it. This is to ensure that there is no air inside it. After this the balloon must be pressed gently from the sides in order to expel any air left inside and a tight double knot is to be tied with a piece of string. The excess string is to be left on the balloon. The rubber band is to be knotted as closely as possible to the knot in the string. These balloons are to be placed on ice in order to prevent fermentation. Similarly, all 7 balloons are to be prepared using the 0,5,10,15,20,25,30 grams of sugar. These balloons are to be labeled as A,B,C,D,E,F,G respectively. Next, their volume is to be determined using the water displacement method. In this method, a 600 ml beaker or large jar is to be placed in an overflow pan. This container is to be filled to the very top with tap water. The balloon is to be completely submerged in the water by pushing it under the water and allowing the water to spill over the sides and into the pan. This process is to be stopped when the fingers touch the water. The water in the pan is the volume of the balloon. This is to be measured carefully in a graduated cylinder and recorded on a data table. After this the balloon is to be put back in the ice immediately. It is sufficient to measure a single balloon’s

EC Law Essay Example for Free

EC Law Essay Part A Sonja is a temporary farm labourer of 16 years old. In the summer of 2005 she was hospitalized with sunburn got from working in the field without adequate UV protection according to the â€Å"Ultraviolet Radiation (UV) Protection at Work† Directive adopted by the EC. The Directive provides that the Member States should ensure â€Å"Sunblock and Sunglasses† to â€Å"workers in outdoor activities† within the meaning of the Directive. According to the independent arbitration scheme with employers set up with the approval of the Government by the Finnish Farm Labourers Union, Sonja, has brought her claim before the Arbitrator. Her claim requires that the Arbitrator interpret the â€Å"Ultraviolet Radiation (UV) Protection at Work† Directive. The Arbitrator considers that Sonja’s claim should be dismissed because she is not a â€Å"worker† according to his interpretation of the Directive, but merely an â€Å"apprentice† who does not qualify for legal protection. As provided in the independent arbitration scheme the decisions of the Arbitrator are legally binding and there is no right to appeal. According to the rules of procedure established by the instituting treaties of the European Communities for the Court of Justice of the European Communities, the Court’s jurisdiction is automatically mandatory in the areas expressly provided by the Treaties. There is no need for the Member States to accept this competence which means that the Court can be authorized by only one party, even against Member States. This also means that in the attributed domains by the treaties its competence is exclusive compared to any other jurisdiction. Article 234[1] (ex Article 177) from the consolidated Treaty establishing the European Community provides that: „The Court of Justice shall have jurisdiction to give preliminary rulings concerning: (a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the interpretation of this Treaty; (b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the validity and interpretation of acts of the institutions of the Community and of the ECB; (c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the interpretation of the statutes of bodies established by an act of the Council, where those statutes so provide. Where such a question is raised before any court or tribunal of a Member State, that court or tribunal may, if it considers that a decision on the question is necessary to enable it to give judgment, request the Court of Justice to give a ruling thereon. Where any such question is raised in a case pending before a court or tribunal of a Member State, against whose decisions there is no judicial remedy under national law, that court or tribunal shall bring the matter before the Court of Justice.† In the case of Sonja, because the independent arbitration scheme set up between the Finnish Farm Labourers Union and the employers is conducted with the approval of the Government, to settle disputes regarding pay and conditions of work we can assimilate the Arbitrator with a court of law. The Arbitrator has an exclusive competence in this field. Moreover, he meets the requirements set up in the last provision of the Article 234, as set forth, because his decisions are legally binding and there is no right to appeal. This institutes an obligation upon the Arbitrator that whenever he has to interpret any act of one of the institutions of the Community he should raise a case before the Court of Justice of the European Communities. Therefore, before interpreting the provisions of the â€Å"Ultraviolet Radiation (UV) Protection at Work† Directive on the meaning of â€Å"worker† within the said act, the Arbitrator should have brought recourse in interpretation before the Court of Justice of the European Communities. The conditions for such recourse, as provided in the Article 234, are that: there has to be an open case brought before a national form of jurisdiction that has to request the Court, asking for the interpretation of an act of one of the institutions of the Communities. Because the Arbitrator did not open such recourse before the Court of Justice of the European Communities, Sonja has grounds for dismissal of his decision in front of a higher Finnish court of law through an extraordinary procedure. The dismissal can be decided only on procedural issues and not on the merits of the case because the decisions of the Arbitrator are not subject to appeal. In general, international jurisdictions are only competent to try states. They can not be used as a legal remedy by natural persons. However, the Court of Justice of the European Communities is accessible not only to the member states of the European Communities, but also, in very strict conditions to individuals, natural and legal persons. This provides Sonja with, yet, another alternative for her case. She can bring an annulment recourse before the Court. The annulment recourse is the possibility of the states, institutions of the Communities and natural and legal persons to challenge in front of the Court   a mandatory act issued either by the Council or by the Commission, and to be granted in certain conditions the annulment of the act. This is a way to control EU acts and their conformity with the instituting treaties. The provisions of the Rome Treaties show that there can be subjected to this form of recourse acts that are mandatory like directives and regulations, and in certain situations even decisions.   Article 230[2] (ex Article 173) of the consolidated Treaty establishing the European Community provides that: â€Å"The Court of Justice shall review the legality of acts adopted jointly by the European Parliament and the Council, of acts of the Council, of the Commission and of the ECB, other than recommendations and opinions, and of acts of the European Parliament intended to produce legal effects vis-à  -vis third parties. It shall for this purpose have jurisdiction in actions brought by a Member State, the European Parliament, the Council or the Commission on grounds of lack of competence, infringement of an essential procedural requirement, infringement of this Treaty or of any rule of law relating to its application, or misuse of powers. The Court of Justice shall have jurisdiction under the same conditions in actions brought by the European Parliament, by the Court of Auditors and by the ECB for the purpose of protecting their prerogatives. Any natural or legal person may, under the same conditions, institute proceedings against a decision addressed to that person or against a decision which, although in the form of a regulation or a decision addressed to another person, is of direct and individual concern to the former. []† Usually, individuals are allowed to bring actions before the Court only in reference to regulations which directly apply to them and directly breach their rights. However, proceedings can be brought regarding a directive in situations in which it has the same effects on the individual.   The â€Å"Ultraviolet Radiation (UV) Protection at Work† Directive directly infringes Sonja’s right to adequate protection for the type of labour she is doing and for the conditions in which she works by limiting the notion of â€Å"worker† to which it applies. With this limitation the Directive breaches the substantial provisions of the Treaty establishing the European Community. Regarding work, Article 13 of the Treaty provides that: â€Å"1.     Without prejudice to the other provisions of this Treaty and within the limits of the powers conferred by it upon the Community, the Council, acting unanimously on a proposal from the Commission and after consulting the European Parliament, may take appropriate action to combat discrimination based on sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation.†[3] Therefore the principle of the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of age is laid down by an instituting treaty. It bears no difference that Sonja is only sixteen. She should not be discriminated against for this reason and not be considered as a â€Å"worker† under the Directive. The term â€Å"worker† is also described in many EU acts, including in the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Communities. The notion is wide and non-discriminatory, especially when considering a persons rights or the breach of these rights. â€Å"26. In accordance with the Courts case-law, the concept of worker, within the meaning of Article 48 of the Treaty and of Regulation No 1612/68, has a specific Community meaning and must not be interpreted narrowly. Any person who pursues activities which are real and genuine, to the exclusion of activities on such a small scale as to be regarded as purely marginal and ancillary, must be regarded as a worker. The essential feature of an employment relationship is, according to that case-law, that for a certain period of time a person performs services for and under the direction of another person in return for which he receives remuneration[4]† Moreover, the restriction on the term â€Å"worker† is in direct violation with the Directive No. 33 of 22 June 1994 on the protection of young people at work which applies to persons under 18 and provides that they should have suitable work conditions, â€Å"measures necessary to protect the safety and health of young people[5]†. In conclusion, the limitation of the notion of â€Å"worker† from the â€Å"Ultraviolet Radiation (UV) Protection at Work† Directive that prevents Sonja, because of her age and because she is a temporary worker to benefit from the proper work protection, is in direct violation of the instituting treaties, the principles on which the EU is based, the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Communities and basic human rights. This provides Sonja, although she is a natural person, with the active legal quality to bring recourse in annulment before the Court due to what she has suffered from the effects of this act. Part B The joined cases of Bernard Keck and Daniel Mithouard were brought before the Court of Justice of the European Communities as a reference under Article 177 of the EEC Treaty[6] by the Tribunal de Grande Instance (Regional Court) from Strasbourg (France), for a preliminary ruling in the criminal proceedings pending before the tribunal against the two. The Tribunal de Grande Instance has asked the Court of Justice of the European Communities to give an interpretation of the rules of the EEC Treaty relating to competition and freedom of movement within the Community. The Court has found that â€Å"Article 30 of the EEC Treaty is to be interpreted as not applying to legislation of a Member State imposing a general prohibition on resale at a loss†[7]. In the decisions of Keck and Mithouard the Court institutes certain principles regarding the measures that can be taken by states. Such a principle is the one stating that: â€Å"national measures which limit or prohibit ‘certain sales practices’ do not fall within the scope of Article 30[8], so long as they are applied to all those operating within the national territory and that they affect in exactly the same way, both in law and in practice, the marketing of national products and those originating from other Member States†[9]. The Court of Justice of the European Communities has subsequently interpreted the decisions in the cases of Keck and Mithouard on the matter of advertising, especially the vague formulation: â€Å"selling arrangements†. The decisions were applied and interpreted in connection to the way producers are able to market their goods and to the marketing strategies used by them. However, the two cases were exceptional interpretations of the Article 28, due to the circumstances and should have been regarded as such. On the contrary, this interpretation was widely extended by the Court. The extension has brought about the possibility of member states to impose certain restrictions in advertising. These restrictions were thought by the Court to be outside the scope of Article 28. Such measures cover fields like: â€Å"TV advertising and sponsorship of programmes aimed at children below the age of 12 being prohibited[10]† in Sweden, the advertising of toys in Greece which is time restricted, banns referring to certain kinds of toys in Germany and Denmark and so on. Goods that are considered â€Å"sensitive† are also subjected to banns even at an EU level. As an example there is the ‘Television Without Frontiers’ (TVWF) Directive in which there is stated that children should not have easy access to advertising for goods such as cigarettes and alcohol. Cases were brought before the Court with regards to such measures. Some decisions given by the Court find basis on its previous Keck and Mithouard decisions: â€Å"With respect to the free movement of goods (Article 30) the Court recognised that the ban on advertising could affect the free movement of the products advertised. It then referred to the Keck-Mithouard jurisprudence and ruled that a Member State could apply such restrictions if they were shown to affect in the same way, ‘in law and in fact’, the marketing of domestic products and of those from other Member States; were necessary for meeting overriding requirements of general public importance or one of the aims laid down in Article 36 of the EC Treaty; were proportionate for that purpose and that those aims could not be met by less restrictive measures†[11].   In conclusion, bans of advertising are considered to be in accordance with the Article 28 when they affect in the same way the marketing of the domestic products and that of the products from other Member States, they are necessary for requirements of general public importance and when less restrictive measures could not have been applied. Thus, the Court institutes the principle of proportionality that applies even if the ban has more serious effects on goods coming from other states than on national ones. Any state restrictions of the â€Å"selling arrangements†Ã‚   automatically affect access to the market contrary to what the Court has considered in the cases of Keck and Mithouard.   It is of course true that such restrictions provided in a non-discriminatory way do not infringe of the free movement of goods, but they do affect trade. Measures taken by states have to be â€Å"uncertain† and â€Å"indirect†, for them to fall outside the scope of the Article 28 and be regarded as breaches of the free movement of goods. The Keck case institutes a kind of presumption that certain measures taken by states, that fall under a certain category should be regarded as â€Å"uncertain† and â€Å"indirect† and therefore outside the scope of Article 28. This presumption is damaging in some cases. The measures should be analyzed according to the merits of each individual case and the effects they have in that particular case. Therefore, I believe that the cases of Keck and Mithouard affect the balance between state responsibilities and the free movement of goods. Bibliography: Consolidated Version of the Treaty Establishing the European Community (2002), Official Journal C325, Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at:   http://www.europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/en/treaties/dat/12002E/htm/12002E.html Brian Francis Collins v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions (23 March 2004); Judgment of the Court (Full Court);Case C-138/02; European Court reports 2004 Page I-02703, Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at: http://www.europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/Notice.do?val=287581:cslang=enlist=391912:cs,287581:cs,341893:cs,287498:cs,278038:cs,277710:cs,269338:cs,264078:cs,250808:cs,247148:cs,pos=2page=1nbl=18pgs=10hwords=work~worker~checktexte=checkboxvisu=#texte Criminal proceedings against Bernard Keck and Daniel Mithouard (24 November 1993); Judgment of the Court;   Joined cases C-267/91 and C-268/91, European Court reports 1993 Page I-06097, Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at:   http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61991J0267:EN:HTML#DI    Council Directive 94/33/EC of 22 June 1994 on the protection of young people at work, Official Journal L 216 , 20/08/1994 P. 0012 – 0020,   Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at: http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31994L0033:EN:HTML Lolivier, Marc (January 1998), The De Agostini ruling and advertising regulation, Commercial Comunications Newsletter, Edition 10,   Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at: http://europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/comcom/newsletter/edition10/page04_en.htm Stanbrook, Lionel ( October 1997), Childrens advertising, consumer protection and the country of origin principle, Commercial Comunications Newsletter, Edition 09, Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at: http://europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/comcom/newsletter/edition09/page18_en.htm Statute of the Court of Justice (November 2005), Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at:   http://curia.eu.int/en/instit/txtdocfr/txtsenvigueur/statut.pdf Þorvaldsson,   Bjà ¶rn (2002), Keck and Mithouard,   Master Thesis, Master of European Affairs Programe, Law, Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at: http://www.jur.lu.se/Internet/english/essay/Masterth.nsf/0/585A26471860B6F6C1256BCD00730AAF/$File/xsmall.pdf?OpenElement Mollers, Thomas M.J. (February 2005), EuGH, Rs. C-405/98 v. 8.3.2001 Gourmet International Products, Faculty of Law, Augsburg University, Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at: http://www.jura.uni-augsburg.de/prof/moellers/materialien/materialdateien/050_eugh_entscheidungen/eugh_1998_405_gourmet_international_products_en/ Competitive Federalism and Market Access in the EU, Jean Monet Center, NYU School of Law, Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at:   http://www.jeanmonnetprogram.org/papers/01/012701-04.html [1]   Treaty establishing the European Community, Art. 234 [2] idem, Art 230 [3] idem, Art. 13 [4] Brian Francis Collins v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions (23 March 2004) [5] Council Directive 94/33/EC of 22 June 1994 on the protection of young people at work. [6] Treaty establishing the European Community, ex Article 177 [7]Criminal proceedings against Bernard Keck and Daniel Mithouard (24 November 1993) [8] in the consolidated Treaty the number of the article has become 28 and it will be referred to accordingly [9] Lolivier, Marc (January 1998), op. cit. [10] Stanbrook, Lionel (October 1997), op. cit. [11] idem

Genocide Apology Essay -- Government

The Politics of Apology – What are your views on moving on, forgive and forget or saying sorry [for any genocide]. â€Å"There comes a time in the history of a nation when peoples must become fully reconciled to their past if they are to go forward with confidence to embrace their future† (Rudd, 2008: p. 167). The concept of apology is often linked to reparations in genocide studies (Lofstrom, 2011: p. 94). Scholars will question whether an apology or an admission of guilt is an adequate post-genocidal response. If an apology is not enough, then how does any institution, government or political group approach the issue of moving on from past wrongs? Does the very act of apologising help to mask the ongoing issues still faced by those who are oppressed? With reference to the Apology to Australia’s Indigenous People offered by the Federal Government on 13 February 2008, has this apology served its intended purpose, or is more work required to achieve an effective and lasting reconciliation between white Australia, and its indigenous forbears. To explore these questions, it is important to gain a wider understanding of the content of an apology, the purpose of an apology, and also to look more closely into the effects of apology in a specific circumstance. Blatz, Schumann and Ross (2009: p. 221) identify 6 key elements that comprise a comprehensive apology. These elements are: remorse, acceptance of responsibility, admission of injustice or wrongdoing, acknowledgement of harm and/or victim suffering, forbearance or promises to behave better in future and offers of repair. These elements should be present in any apology if it is to have the desired effect. Stamato (2008: p. 389) offers an interpretation of the purpose and effec... .... Axis rule in occupied Europe. New York: The Lawbook Exchange Ltd. Lofstrom, J. (2011). Historical apologies as acts of symbolic inclusion – and exclusion? Reflections on institutional apologies as politics of cultural citizenship. Citizenship Studies 15(1):93-108. Murphy, F. (2011). Archives of sorrow: an exploration of Australia’s stolen generations and their journey into the past. History & Anthropology 22(4):481-495. Rudd, K. (2008). Australia, House of Representitives 2008, Debates, vol.HR1, pp. 167, accessed 22/3/2012, http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/genpdf/chamber/hansardr/2008-02-13/0003/hansard_frag.pdf;fileType=application%2Fpdf Short, D. (2010). Australia: a continuing genocide? Journal of Genocide Research 12:45-68. Stamato, L. (2008). Peace and the culture and politics of apology. Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice 20:389-397.

Slashes in culture Essay

Three plays that explore clashes between cultures are Wole Soyinka’s â€Å"Death and the King’s Horseman,† Tony Kushner’s â€Å"Angels in America,† and Anna Deavere Smith’s â€Å"Fires in the Mirror. † In general, these three plays depict and illustrate how conflicts between two cultures arise due to differences in beliefs and practices, among others. However, while these plays are similar in that they depict conflicts between cultures, they also show these clashes differently from one another. In â€Å"Death and the King’s Horseman,† the plot is mainly set in Nigeria at a time when the country was still a British colony. The focus is on Elesin, the horseman of the Yoruba tribe Chief. Since the chief died, Elesin must follow Yoruba tradition and commit a ritual suicide as his spirit is highly important in helping the Chief’s soul to pass through the afterlife. Otherwise, the Chief’s spirit will wander the earth forever and bring misfortune to the Yoruba people. The play sets the tone for a clash between culture when the British ruler of the Nigerian colony, Mr. Pikings intervenes and prevents Elesin from taking part in the ritual suicide at the very last minute. Basically, Mr. Pikings viewed the ritual as barbaric and illegal under British laws. Since the suicide ritual is integral to the Yoruba tribe, the people were thrown into pandemonium, which eventually resulted in Elesin’s son Olunde, commiting suicide in order to restore honor to his family and restore order to the tribe. Ultimately, Elesin commits suicide himself in order to compensate for the consequences of his actions. Evidently, in the play â€Å"Death and the King’s Horseman,† the clash between two cultures is vividly illustrated in the differences in customs and traditions between the Nigerian tribe Yoruba and their British colonizers. On the side of the Nigerians, a tradition of committing ritual suicide is necessary for the maintenance of order among the tribe while on the side of the British, the said ritual is considered brutal and illegal. Meaning to say, the Nigerian people, being a colony of Britain, had no choice but to follow the rule of their superiors. The difference between the practices of the two cultures resulted not only in two deaths in the Yoruba tribe but chaos among the tribe. On the other hand, in the play â€Å"Angels in America,† the conflict between two cultures is mainly shown in the different sexual orientations of the characters. Generally, most of the play’s characters are gays. Although it is not shown that gays are mistreated in the play, it is the relationships between the characters and their issues with themselves that depict the clashes between cultures. For one, most of the characters in the play are afraid of revealing their sexual orientation. This indicates that homosexuality is not fully accepted in the play’s society, which creates a virtual clash between gays and straights. This is evidenced by one scene in which Roy Cohn, a straight-male and top-class lawyer in the play, was enraged upon finding out that Joe Pitt, one of this best subordinates, is a gay. One notable symbol that play utilizes is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). In the play, Prior Walter and Roy contract AIDS. After discovering their illness, they suddenly feel isolated from the world as evidenced by events in their life—Prior is left by his lover Louis Ironson and Roy is disbarred as a lawyer. Roy, who is not a gay, is also shown to be in denial of his illness and claims that he has liver cancer instead of AIDS. He also believes that AIDS is only associated with gays, which symbolizes another form of clash between two cultures. In short, in the play, two cultures are virtually presented: Roy represents the straight group of men who hates anything associated with homosexuality such as AIDS while Prior represents the gays. Although homosexuality is not a true culture per se, its various practices such as the sexual intercourse between two men, among others, has enabled it to become more or less a culture of its own. Another form of clash between two cultures shown in the play is the social prejudice against or blacks. In the play, the blacks are epitomized by Belize, who is a registered nurse who cares for Prior and Roy. However, Roy, being the racist that he is, treated Belize with the same disdain and dislike he has for gays. In short, it can then be said that the central conflict between the two cultures in the play revolves around the characters differences in sexuality or sexual preferences and practices. Finally, in the play â€Å"Fires in the Mirror,† the chief conflict between cultures is the clash between the Jews and the blacks or African-Americans. The conflict is traced to an accident in which a Jew lost control of his vehicle and ran over a seven-year old black child named Gavin Cato. This caused tension between Jews and the blacks in a place called Crown Heights, which eventually resulted in violence, riots, and the murder of Yankel Rosenbaum, who is a Jew. Notably, the play is not a straight-forward type wherein scenes are played out by people with different roles. Rather, it consists of monologues by 26 different characters that witnessed or saw the Crown Heights, with each providing their own perspective or view of the conflict between the cultures. These various perspectives fuse to form a multi-faceted and deep account of the tension between the Jews and Blacks and also form the central conflict of the play. Basically, the 26 characters that had monologues belong to different races and cultures. Meaning to say, in their accounts of the events of in Crown Heights, their opinions and comments are most likely biased depending on which race or culture they belong to or which side they are on. For example, the Anonymous Young Man # 2, one of the 26 characters in the play, claimed that all blacks are only rappers, athletes, or murderers and robbers. Likewise, Sonny Carson, an activist on the side of the Jews, commented that the Jews were second to the police in showing their hatred for blacks. On the other hand, Reverend Al Sharpton, an advocate of black civil rights openly criticized the discrimination against African-Americans by the Jews. Carmel Cato, the father of the murdered black boy, also lambasted the social prejudice against blacks and claimed that the Jews were running the show. Meaning to say, the conflict between the two cultures in the play is illustrated through a battle between the Jews and the blacks, which was started by a car accident that killed a boy. However, it is evident that even the white race, such as members of the police, favored the Jews over the blacks, which added further tension in the already growing conflict between the two cultures. It can then be argued that this play showed a very superficial difference in cultures. Over-all, the three plays differ in their depiction of cultural diversity and conflicts between cultures in terms of the nature of the conflict and the source of the clashes. In â€Å"Death and the King’s Horseman,† the tensions between cultures were spawned by differences in traditions and practices. On one side, these practices are considered sacred while on the other, they are viewed as primitive and illegal. In â€Å"Angels in America,† the conflict between cultures arises from differences in sexuality or sexual orientation. It mainly involved one side freely accepting his homosexual nature and another side utterly despising everything associated to being gay. Lastly, in â€Å"Fire in the Mirror,† the clash between the two cultures was rooted from a single accident that could have been easily resolved but was instead worsened by stereotypes and racial advocates. Evidently, â€Å"Death and the King’s Horseman† showed a classic form of culture conflict while â€Å"Angels in America† depicted a conflict between sub-cultures. On the other hand, â€Å"Fires in the Mirror† showed a more personal and superficial side of a clash between cultures.

Economic and Financial Committee Essay

This letter is to address the widening gap between the rich and poor in developing nations, and how globalization policies create a situation that lessens that gap. In many developing countries there is simply a poor class and a rich class. Developed nations are characterized by the presence of a middle class. The middle class bridges the gap between rich and poor, and when developing nations can create a fully functioning middle class within their societies, the contrasts between rich and poor seem to deplete. In a viewpoint essay edited by Debra Miller (2008) entitled â€Å"Globalization Promotes Democracy Both Directly and Indirectly† this concept is demonstrated. The premise of the article is that globalization efforts create an economic and entrepreneurial middle class who then demand and facilitate democratization in developing countries. As a matter of policy, economic reform, through globalization, should precede democratization. For example glasnost in Russia, or democracy and freedom before economic reform, proved to be unsuccessful. While in China economic reform before political change has proven to be an effective policy. The conclusions of Jagdish Bhagwati, Columbia University economics professor and U. N. advisor, demonstrate the process of bridging the economic and class gap. A small farmer in India used the internet to take his crops to both local and international markets. This tool of globalization gave him the freedom to control prices, as well as supply and demand. This increased economic independence and experience of personal control often translates into political aspirations that eventually lead to policies that bridge the economic gap in such countries. The internet is just one tool of globalization. As your committee examines the conditions and policies of other developing nations, it is imperative that you consider the process of globalization that leads to economic reform that leads to democracy. Policies and initiatives must focus on supplying developing nations with the tools of globalization, particularly access to international trade opportunities, that have a direct impact on the individual’s economic and financial situations. As these individuals transform into an economic middle class, they will take action in the social and political affairs in their nations that will, in turn, create a more democratic society that will provide better economic opportunities for all citizens. Reference Globalization Promotes Democracy Both Directly and Indirectly. (2007). In Debra Miller Current Controversies: Globalization(). Detroit: Greenhaven Press. 5 May 2008, Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center via Gale: http://find. galegroup. com/ips/start. do? prodId=IPS Respectfully Submitted,

Overview of Autism essays

Overview of Autism essays Detected in approximately four to five of every ten thousand births (Powers 10), autism is a widely misunderstood disease. General knowledge of autism, often mistaken, is derived from films such as "Rainman." These unrealistic films feature autistic characters who are portrayed as being excessively intelligent. In reality, however, only twenty percent of people diagnosed with autism have average or above-average intelligence (Autism Primer 2). Actually, the majority of autistic people suffer varying degrees of mental retardation. A lifelong developmental disability, autism is a disease which affects the way people see, hear, relate, and communicate to others around them. Although the disease is incurable, progressive steps can be taken to help an autistic person function more independently in society. Autism is categorized as part of a larger group of disabilities called Pervasive Developmental Disorders, or PDDs. Among other PDDs, such as Down syndrome and schizophrenia, autism rates as the fourth most common (Powers 10). General symptoms of PDDs include impaired social interaction and communication skills. Symptoms, however, range on a continuum from mild to severe. While mild behavior is in no way dangerous, severe behavior can be very aggressive and can even result in self-injury. No single factor has been determined as a cause for autism, but researchers have come up with several theories. One probable cause is an abnormality in gene structure, which is acquired genetically. These genetic conditions affect brain development. Another possibility is that autism is the result of a diet lacking some vitamins, minerals, and amino acids. Both of these hypotheses can contribute to neurological abnormalities. The affected areas of the brain include the cerebellum, hippocampus, an d amygdala. The neurons in this part of the brain develop to be smaller than normal, and the nerve fibers are stunted. Two other theori...

Australian Legal System

There is a quotation mentioned in the essay which is quoted by Allan Amanyire.   This quote reveals that, there are lack of legal rules and democracy in the society which is an issue for all the people in the society.   The people of the society may be rich-poor, educated- uneducated, employed-unemployed but everyone faces same problem if the proper legal rules and democracy is not maintained in the society.   In this assignment the negative sides of the society is portrayed because in Australia there are lack of constitutional laws followed and because of that the economic stability of people is not maintained (Collins, 2014).There are some plans made to describe the assignment. They are description about equality law, description about Australian legal system, the inequality and scarcity of the society and the solutions which can be applied to solve the problems of the society by legal methods. With the help of English mon law tradition Australian legal system started progressing. Federal regulations of governments state that every country is democratic and the citizen of the countries have right to choose the government of the country through voting system under Human rights act. Under section 41 of constitution of Australia of mon Wealth the people of the country has legal right to choose president and ministers of the country, who can work for the sake of the county. As per Human Rights of Australia (1949), the people of the country have to live their life in a democratic nation where monopolistic views are not followed. There is certain rights of mon man of the country. That freedom does not restrict people to convey their speech; to live a proper life with equality without discrimination; to vote; to get employment and to get all the facilities and enjoy rights of the country. The quotation in the question states that, Australian government is not following the democratic rules and making the country corrupted by indulging lots of discrimination between rich and poor, man and women and etc. For that reason, the rules of Equality act of 2010 are needed to be followed by the government and the citizen of the government. This act should be equal for rich or poor, employed or unemployed and educated or uneducated. Everyone should be same in the eye of the law (Collins, 2014). The mon man suffers a lot because they b e the victim of inequality. If democracy is not maintained in the society, then the citizen of the country loses their freedom and they are deprived by equality and political facilities (Humphreys, 2010). According to equality act, there should be no discrimination in terms of race, gender, age, sex, caste, creed, religion, class etc. These legal rules are not followed in Australia and that is the reason that people are in problem. They are victim of discrimination which is harming them. Even employment is also not available in the country because of lack of regulations. All these loopholes in the system is creating main problem to all the people in the society whether they are rich or poor. As the legal system of the country is improper, so the economic system and the corporation system are also lacking various resources. In this quote this things are tried to be mentioned. Several critics have criticized the legal and political system of Australia. It is said that, if there is lack of democracy in a country then people cannot lead a free life. If it is followed by the business perspectives that people cannot set up their corporate world and business because the rules of the business will not be followed properly in this type of country where proper rules and regulations are not followed.   If any methods of business are not followed properly then the corporation system would not follow properly (Gleeson, 2000). So it is plicated to form vital business in a country where there is lack of following the rules and regulations. On the perspective of the quotes mention in the question many authors said several lines such as: John Maynard Keynes said, â€Å"The market can stay irrational longer than you can stay solvent†. Allan Amanyrire said, â€Å"The rule of law bakes no bread, it is unable to distribute loaves or fishes, and it cannot protect itself against external assault, but it remains the most civilized and least burdensome conception of a state yet to be devised† Both the quotations reveal the negative part of the rules of the law and democracy which is affecting the society in adverse way. People are in burden under uneconomic condition. There is lack of employment in the country because of less democracy. Business also cannot be flourished properly because the legal rules of business is not followed which is adversely affecting the merchants or business man in the country. According to Razz (2002) in a book â€Å"A Basic Themes in Rule of Law Theory†, there are some rules made by government, which should be followed by the citizen of the country. There are some general principles. Those principles are certainty, and according to this principle stable, open and clear autonomy should be given to individual in democratic way (Gustafson, 2001). There is another principle that is generality, and according to it control of conduct of several citizen of various classes and in this case the legal rules should be followed where non-particularised and impersonal law is necessary to be implied. The final principle is equality, according to this principle, the law should be subjected equally and it should be followed by all class peoples in the munity. According to rule of law the democracy and freedom from interference should be given where human rights are not interfered (Raz, 2007). The liberties of the citizen should be saved and they should be treated with dignity by giving respect and rights to the citizens by the government of Australia (Ohnesorge, 2007). There is the journal, â€Å"Rule-book and Rights based Theories of Rule of Law†, (2003). There are various rules and regulations described in the journal and particular formulation of rule of law is stated by Lon Fuller. The morality and law is discussed in the contradiction of law. Argument is done by HLA Hart and Joseph Razz that the concept of equality in sexual inequality, racial segregation and religious intolerance is i patible which does not match which the concept of democracy following the legal rules. The standard of statues of law has failed here. Ronald Dworkin said there are some rights which are based on the rule of law which are demand of the citizens, where rights based theories are followed (Criddle, 2012). There is an integrity model made by Dworkin which is based on right based theory. According to the journal, the â€Å"The Current Debate: mon Law Constitutionalism†, (2009) argument was made on Anglo Australian legal tradition following the doctrine of parliamentary supremacy and Dicey’s constitutional theory gives vast description about the mercial law of the country which should be followed under legal rules and the theory but Allan argued that those theories are not conceptualised and human rights and democracies are not incorporated in the theories but only the legal rules of business and merce is mentioned without any link to the federal system of the society. The rule of law is criticized because the main points and motives are clearly not mentioned in the principles (Shaw, 2003). According to Farrell and McAllister (2003), if the democracy is needed to be maintained in the constitution of Australia, then it is very necessary that modern and organized way is needed to be applied in the parliamentary system of the constitution where electronic voting system is needed to be followed and secret ballot system is also needed to be arranged. Democracy is very important in a society because if there is monopoly in a rule for a long time, then the single power will be enhanced and addressed and the loopholes of the other parts of the constitutional system create trouble, barriers and boundary for the ordinary people of the country. The democratic system changed on 2004, when various new parliamentary systems are organized and voting board of supervision started thorough which new rules are organized following the federal system of the mon law of Australia. After the development of new applications in parliamentary system, various things are changed (Shaw, 2003). Posit ive changes are noticed; unemployment in the country is less now; poverty is also reduced and as per the quotation mentioned in the question, the tension and the issues of business formation and arrangement of mercial system in the country is also developed where different rules are stated and the needs of the citizens are heard and acts and rules of Australian legal system is motivated through the federal system.   Ã‚   This essay gives the ideas about the requirement of democracy in modern world because if the country follows the rules and regulations properly and democracy is maintained then the citizens can express their needs and their rights are also protected with the rule of law in Australian legislation system (Barber, 2006). There are various acts which are stated in terms of the quotation mentioned in the question. Various arguments, critical analysis and debates are also settled in the assignment which enriched the essence of the project with legal considerations followed properly.   Collins, R. (2014). The Rule of Law and the Quest for Constitutional Substitutes in International Law. Nordic Journal of International Law, 83(2), pp.87-127. Criddle, E. and Fox-Decent, E. (2012). Human Rights, Emergencies, and the Rule of Law. Human Rights Quarterly, 34(1) Gleeson, M. (2000). The rule of law and the constitution. Sydney, NSW: ABC Books. Gustafson, B. (2001). Book Review: Colin James (ed.), Building the Constitution (Wellington: Institute of Policy Studies, Victoria University of Wellington, 2000), pp. 448, $45. Political Science, 53(1) Humphreys, S. (2010). The Equality Act, 2010. Research Ethics, 6(3) Levine, S. (2004). Parliamentary Democracy in New Zealand. Parliamentary Affairs, 57(3), pp.646-665. Barber, N. W. (2006). ‘Sovereignty Re-examined; the Courts, Parliament, and Statutes’, Ronald Dworkin, Law’s Empire Ohnesorge, J. (2007). The Rule of Law. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 3(1), pp.99-114. Raz, J. (2007). The Identity of Legal Systems. California Law Review, 59(3), pp.795.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shaw, J. (2003). The Rule of Law — And a Bill of Rights. AQ: Australian Quarterly, 75(5), p.10.

Course Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Course Design - Essay Example According to Iwasiw, Goldenberg & Andrusyszyn (2009), curriculum development in nursing education is characterized by ‘interaction, cooperation, change, and possibility conflict, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..and values of stakeholders’ (Chapter 1, n.p). Wound care management is a hot topic which requires special attention in nurses training. So a program in this would be very useful. Foot care management is providing education and training on proper foot care like foot massaging, trimming toe nails, identifying circulatory disorders etc. All these require expertise. So a course on foot care management is essential. These three areas are in need of experienced man power. So training courses in the above said departments is a necessity. I. SANE Course A. Course Design A course on Sexual assault nursing examination is important as the trauma of a victim is so intense. A four weeks long SANE course should follow a student centered approach with maximum interaction from the part of the st udent. In addition to the interactive class room sessions the learner should get active clinical practice making the learner competent in sexual assault practice. The learner should be trained in psychological principles to deal with the emotional state of the patient. The class size of 8 students and well trained faculty members makes the course interactive and interesting. Clinical practice sessions and visits to crime lab and crisis centers give the students enough practical exposure. 1. Course Description. This four-week course offers didactic and clinical training for Registered Nurses to conduct a comprehensive sexual assault medical forensic examination and to testify in court on that exam if called. This course should train the nurse in advanced physical assessment skills like emergency care, critical care and maternal child health care. The training they require should meet the requirement of the community they serve as each community varies in the mode of SANE practice. It varies according to the type of patient they handle like adult, adolescent and pediatric. A SANE is trained to work with a multidisciplinary population of professionals like advocates, law enforcement, forensic experts and legal professionals. So training in a collaborative learning environment is a criterion in SANE training. This course provides further knowledge in topics such as forensic code of ethics, extensive forensic examination, and documentation of injuries, collection of forensic samples and its management, testifying legal proceedings, giving emotional support to the victims. 2. Goal. The goal of this course is to mold a registered nurse to a professional trained in clinical preparation and forensic care of a patient who has experienced sexual assault. 3. Objectives. After four weeks of the course; 3.1. The participants will be able to discuss medical forensic history and dynamics of sexual assault 3.2. The participants will be able to describe and give examples of wha t to document, how to document and management of forensic samples 3.3 The participants will be able to demonstrate or show how to testify in a mock trial and do the GYN exam 3.4. The participants will be able to compare and contrast/ analyze different assault situations. 3.5. The participants will be able to explain/summarize forensic code of ethics 3.6. The participant develops skill in physical examination of the person who has undergone sexual assault 3.7. The

Roles of School Administrator Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Roles of School Administrator - Essay Example An administrator should prioritize through zeroing on the most integral activities for bringing all learners to high levels of achievement. This can be done by setting clear expectations, deciding on a planning system, and taking stock of the daily school operations in order to determine the most urgent and effective (Hopkins, 2000). Administrators should ensure they build a positive aspects of the teaching ability of the teachers. This is important because it helps them to know where teachers should improve. The objective should be to create a relationship with all faculty members through offering advice and ideas on the way to improve wherever refinement is needed. The staff should always be encouraged to find a better way and continue in their pursuit of quality education. It is vital that an administrator keeps proper record so that each time a faculty is conducted, it should be noted on the date and a brief summary of the observation. This helps in cases where a teacher has areas of inadequacy and refuses to make improvements in those areas (Hopkins,

Universal Grammar in Second Language Acquisition Research Paper

Universal Grammar in Second Language Acquisition - Research Paper Example This paper is a reflective essay on Universal grammar in Second Language Acquisition. Universal Grammar is a concept appropriate to the linguistic competence issue, for instance, a notion concerning the grammatical representation nature. Although Universal Grammar affords constraints on potential grammars in the acquisition process, it is not an acquisition theory. This fact is often misconstrued, possibly owing to expressions like LAD (Language Acquisition Device) that numerous persons earlier equated with Universal Grammar. Nevertheless, it might be more correct to consider Universal Grammar as merely part of Language Acquisition Device or faculty of language. The Language Acquisition Device will as well have to encompass learning ideologies, triggering algorithms, and processing doctrines. In other terms, on top of a constraints theory on Inter-Language representation, a concept on means of acquiring that representation is needed; a developmental theory (whether it is in first Language or second Language acquisition) (Epstein, Flynn & Martohardjono, 1996). Although Universal Grammar adds to enlightenment on languages’ acquisition, this is in the manner of how learners happen to know properties, which go far past the input; how learners know that particular things are impossible, why parsing are of single sort instead of another. Universal Grammar claims that these properties about language do not require to be learned. What motivates for Universal Language? It is the assertion that, however, in the instance of L1 (first languages), there exists a rational language acquisition problem, an incongruity amid what enters (specifically, the primary dialectal data) as well as what gets out (a parsing). In other terms, the input establishes the output (Epstein, Flynn & Martohardjono, 1996). Supposing a rational problem of first languages acquisition, persons have inquired whether the case is the same for second languages. This inquiry remains dominant - do second language learners get insentient information (a psychological representation), which goes further than the second language input? If they do, can alternative causes of this information be eliminated, for instance, the first language? The solidest example for the function of Universal Grammar in Second Language Acquisition is that the second language elements cannot be acquired from input only or from input and non-domain-specific learning doctrines or from the first grammar only (Schwartz & Sprouse, 1996). Supposing that there exists indeed a rational problem of second language acquisition, investigators have enquired more Universal Grammar-specific enquiries. In the ‘80s, the Universal Grammar question seemed comparatively straight forward (as well as relatively universal): Is Universal Grammar available (or reachable) to second language learners? Do inter-language grammars show proof of being restrained by Universal Grammar principles? Several principles were explored, such as the ECP, Binding Principle A and Subjacency. The hypothesis was that if one can establish that certain Universal Grammar principle works or does not work, then this simplifies to other philosophies, hence to Universal Grammar